Mould Species
Mould Species
100. Sporothrix schenckii
Last Updated: 3 February 2025The agent of sporotrichosis, known as “rose gardener’s disease,” S. schenckii lives in soil and plant material, especially thorny plants and sphagnum moss. Indoors, it is usually limited to contaminated plant matter or potting mix. Infection typically occurs through puncture wounds rather than inhalation. Wearing gloves when handling thorny plants or moss and keeping soil-based...
99. Verticillium albo-atrum
Last Updated: 3 February 2025A plant pathogen causing wilt in many hosts, including tomatoes and ornamental species. Indoors, V. albo-atrum is rarely found unless potting mixes or damp surfaces harbour the spores. Should it gain a foothold, it could produce allergenic effects if spores become airborne. Avoiding overwatering houseplants and using sterile potting soil are straightforward methods to reduce...
98. Phomopsis viticola
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Responsible for “Phomopsis cane and leaf spot” in grapevines, P. viticola usually remains in vineyards. If infected plant material is brought indoors (e.g. pruned vines stored improperly), the fungus may theoretically spread in high-moisture situations. Not typically an indoor mould, it poses little risk unless large amounts of contaminated debris accumulate. Disposing of or sterilising...
97. Talaromyces flavus (formerly Penicillium flavus)
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Not to be confused with Aspergillus flavus, this fungus produces yellowish colonies, particularly on lab media. In the wild, T. flavus is often found in soil and compost heaps but may colonise damp structural materials if humidity is high. Potential health effects are generally mild for healthy people, but controlling indoor moisture and ventilating spaces...
96. Talaromyces marneffei (syn. Penicillium marneffei)
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Found in Southeast Asia and parts of northern Australia, T. marneffei produces a characteristic red pigment in culture. It is a significant pathogen in immunocompromised individuals, causing systemic infections (talaromycosis). Indoors, it may arise in very humid conditions, though it’s more commonly encountered outdoors. Vigilance is crucial for individuals at risk, and any suspicion of...
95. Eurotium repens
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Another “dry-loving” fungus closely related to Aspergillus repens, E. repens can colonise stored grains, cereals, and dusty household areas. Although it prefers low moisture, high spore counts may still be irritating to people with allergies. Keeping storage areas clean, controlling dust, and monitoring humidity around food products is essential to prevent its proliferation.
94. Eurotium amstelodami
Last Updated: 3 February 2025The sexual stage of certain Aspergillus species (notably A. amstelodami), Eurotium amstelodami is xerophilic, meaning it tolerates low moisture. It often contaminates dried foods (e.g. grains, nuts, spices). While it prefers dry conditions, it can still produce airborne spores that may be allergenic. Properly sealing and storing dry goods, and rotating pantry items, help limit...
93. Chrysonilia sitophila
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Often referred to as “red bread mould” for its bright reddish-orange colonies on starchy substrates like bread dough. In a damp home, it can also grow on wallpaper paste or humid surfaces. While not typically dangerous, its colourful spore clouds may irritate sensitive respiratory tracts. Maintaining dry conditions, refrigerating baked goods, and cleaning spills promptly...
92. Gliocladium virens (syn. Trichoderma virens)
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Formerly classified in the genus Gliocladium, now generally Trichoderma virens, it is used commercially as a biocontrol agent. In water-damaged buildings, it can appear as greenish colonies on plaster or wood. Although not particularly virulent toward humans, it releases spores that may trigger mild respiratory issues. Correcting water intrusions and thoroughly drying materials typically curtail...
91. Phlebia radiata
Last Updated: 3 February 2025A white-rot fungus that degrades lignin in hardwoods, P. radiata is often seen in forests on logs but can move indoors if wooden structures remain persistently wet. White, fibrous mycelium can gradually undermine the wood’s strength. Drying out the wood, reducing humidity, and replacing severely compromised timber are necessary steps if this fungus is discovered...
90. Monascus ruber
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Produces distinct red pigments used in creating “red yeast rice.” Indoors, M. ruber might contaminate damp, carbohydrate-rich areas (e.g. soaked grains, wet flour, or fermentation setups). Though not commonly a major indoor pest, large colonies could pose a mild respiratory or allergic risk. Keeping stored grains and flours dry, as well as cleaning up spills...
89. Gymnopilus junonius
Last Updated: 3 February 2025A brightly coloured, orange-capped wood-rotting mushroom generally found outdoors on logs or stumps. For it to appear indoors, wood must be significantly decayed and remain persistently wet. While not a typical household mould, its presence signals serious structural moisture issues. Removing the affected wood and fixing the source of dampness are vital to protecting building...
88. Cordyceps militaris
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Another fungus parasitic on insects, often caterpillars, C. militaris is unlikely to thrive in a typical indoor environment. However, its spores might be introduced via contaminated soil or insects. Bright orange fruiting bodies may occasionally appear in humid greenhouse conditions. Direct risk to humans in domestic settings is minimal, but preventing insect infestations and keeping...
87. Beauveria bassiana
Last Updated: 3 February 2025An entomopathogenic fungus frequently used in agricultural pest control (attacking insects). Indoors, it may be found where insect hosts or contaminated soil are present (e.g. potted plants). Colonies can appear white to pale yellow. Human infection is extremely rare, and it generally poses minimal risk unless large colonies accumulate in humid conditions. Good air circulation...
86. Hypomyces chrysospermus
Last Updated: 3 February 2025This parasitic fungus typically infects mushrooms outdoors (such as boletes). While rarely encountered inside, it can grow on organic debris under very humid conditions. It is not typically regarded as a household mould problem. Most indoor sightings occur when decaying forest debris is accidentally introduced (e.g., firewood). Good housekeeping and ensuring that stored wood is...
85. Poria monticola
Last Updated: 3 February 2025A wood-decay fungus in the Polyporales group, P. monticola targets damp subfloor areas and can gradually compromise structural integrity by breaking down cellulose. Colonies may appear as whitish mats beneath flooring materials or as crusty fruiting bodies on exposed timbers. Proper ventilation and moisture control in crawl spaces or basements are crucial to preventing advanced...
84. Merulius tremellosus
Last Updated: 3 February 2025A “wet rot” fungus forming soft, gelatinous fruiting bodies on water-saturated wood. Less common than Serpula lacrymans but still capable of causing substantial decay if left untreated. Its presence usually signals severe moisture problems, such as leaks or poor drainage. Comprehensive repair of water damage and removal of colonised wood are needed for long-term remediation.
83. Serpula lacrymans
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Infamously known as the “dry rot” fungus, S. lacrymans can devastate structural timber in buildings. Despite the name “dry rot,” it still requires moisture to initiate growth but can spread extensively once established, even in drier conditions by drawing moisture from other areas. It produces rust-coloured spores and can lie dormant until conditions become suitable....
82. Ganoderma applanatum
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Commonly seen outdoors as a bracket or shelf fungus on living or dead hardwood, G. applanatum can occasionally occur on severely rotting wood in or around buildings. Its large, hard fruiting bodies produce copious brown spores. Inhaling high concentrations of these spores could irritate the respiratory system, but this is rare indoors. Proper maintenance of...
81. Phanerochaete chrysosporium
Last Updated: 3 February 2025A wood-decaying fungus of significant interest for its role in bioremediation, P. chrysosporium predominantly targets damp or water-damaged timber. Colonies often appear as white, cottony mycelium, gradually weakening structural wood. While not typically a direct threat to human health, the structural compromise it causes can be significant. Quickly drying waterlogged areas and replacing severely rotted...
80. Exophiala dermatitidis
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Another black yeast that favours warm, humid conditions such as steam rooms, saunas, or inadequately ventilated bathrooms. Colonies appear dark and smooth, sometimes resembling oily stains. Invasive infections can occur in susceptible individuals. Ensuring good airflow, proper drying of surfaces, and routine cleaning with antifungal agents are effective in discouraging growth.
79. Exophiala jeanselmei
Last Updated: 3 February 2025A black yeast-like fungus found in wet areas, E. jeanselmei is linked to skin and nail infections, particularly in individuals with repeated exposure (e.g., frequent hand immersion in water). In homes, it may colonise shower stalls, sinks, or drains. Adequate drying of surfaces, plus regular use of fungicidal cleaners in high-risk areas, helps limit its...
78. Phialophora richardsiae
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Similar in pigmentation and growth habits to P. verrucosa, P. richardsiae can cause sporadic human infections. It thrives in damp bathrooms, basements, and any area with persistent moisture. Removing mould-infested materials, improving ventilation, and promptly fixing water leaks are standard approaches to inhibiting further development.
77. Phialophora verrucosa
Last Updated: 3 February 2025A dematiaceous (darkly pigmented) fungus associated with chromoblastomycosis when it infects skin. Indoors, it can appear in moist wood or plaster, forming slow-growing, dark colonies. Although infections from household contact are infrequent, immunocompromised individuals should exercise caution. Reducing damp conditions and handling suspicious growth with protective gloves can help minimise risks.
76. Wallemia sebi
Last Updated: 3 February 2025A halophilic (salt-loving) and xerotolerant mould, W. sebi readily grows on foods with high sugar or salt content—such as dried fruits, cured meats, and salted fish. In indoor settings, it can contaminate poorly sealed or stored pantry products. Although infections are rare, spore inhalation may provoke allergies. Maintaining dry storage conditions and checking expiration dates...
75. Geotrichum candidum
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Known colloquially as a “dairy mould,” G. candidum can spoil milk, soft cheeses, and other high-moisture foods. Colonies typically appear white and yeast-like, often producing a fruity smell. In a home, it may appear in chronically damp kitchens or bathrooms. Although not highly pathogenic, it can affect immunocompromised individuals. Keeping food storage areas clean and...
74. Scopulariopsis brumptii
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Similar in appearance and habitat to S. brevicaulis, this species also colonises damp surfaces indoors. In immunocompromised individuals, inhalation of large spore loads could pose health challenges. Minimising indoor humidity and ensuring prompt remediation of any mould sightings are essential steps in avoiding an extensive Scopulariopsis infestation.
73. Scopulariopsis brevicaulis
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Often forming dry, powdery colonies that may range in colour from white to brown, S. brevicaulis is a common inhabitant of damp walls, decaying wood, and sometimes old books or paper. It can cause fungal nail infections and, less commonly, respiratory irritation. Sealing off entry points for moisture, maintaining adequate ventilation, and removing severely contaminated...
72. Paecilomyces lilacinus
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Known for its lilac or purple-coloured colonies on culture media, P. lilacinus can occupy damp, poorly lit indoor corners, as well as air-conditioning systems. It has been documented to cause nail or skin infections if spores enter wounds. Strict moisture control and routine cleaning of rarely accessed spaces can limit its growth indoors.
71. Paecilomyces variotii
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Forms colonies that often appear light yellow to olive, P. variotii thrives in high-humidity environments and can inhabit HVAC systems, humidifiers, or water-damaged construction materials. While rare, it has been implicated in infections among severely immunocompromised individuals. Regular maintenance and disinfecting of ventilation equipment can prevent aerosolisation of spores.
70. Nigrospora sphaerica
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Produces conspicuously black spores and is generally found on decaying plant material outdoors. Indoors, it can appear in overly damp spots, sometimes leaving a dark powdery residue. Though not commonly pathogenic, its airborne spores can irritate mucous membranes. Reducing excess moisture and regularly cleaning neglected, humid areas (like basements) will keep populations low.
69. Phoma glomerata
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Noted for its dark-coloured colonies on masonry, plaster, or wood surfaces that retain moisture. While infections in humans are rare, P. glomerata may signal serious underlying water leakage or consistently high humidity in indoor spaces. Identifying and rectifying structural or plumbing issues, coupled with thorough cleaning, is crucial to hamper further growth.
68. Phoma herbarum
Last Updated: 3 February 2025A darkly pigmented fungus prevalent on decaying plant debris, P. herbarum can show up in damp indoor environments (e.g. bathrooms, kitchens) where it may form dark stains. Spores can be irritants and potentially aggravate respiratory complaints. As with most moulds, controlling humidity and promptly fixing leaks or ventilation problems are effective preventive measures.
67. Bipolaris spicifera
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Prefers damp, shaded outdoor environments but may also emerge in high-humidity indoor spots, including bathrooms or basements. B. spicifera can become an opportunistic pathogen, occasionally causing sinusitis or other infections in susceptible individuals. Promptly addressing damp conditions, using exhaust fans, and keeping surfaces clean help to limit its growth.
66. Bipolaris sorokiniana
Last Updated: 3 February 2025A pathogen mainly of cereal crops like wheat and barley, B. sorokiniana sometimes appears in indoor settings if wet wooden structures or potting soil remain unchecked. The fungus produces large, dark spores that may trigger allergic responses if aerosolised. Ensuring dryness of structural wood and potting mixes, especially in high-rainfall areas, is important for control.
65. Curvularia clavata
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Similar to C. lunata in morphology and ecological requirements, C. clavata prefers warm, humid conditions, making tropical or subtropical Australian climates favourable. It can colonise potting soil or water-damaged building materials. In rare cases, it leads to keratitis or other infections, underlining the importance of controlling indoor moisture and carefully tending indoor plants.
64. Curvularia lunata
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Recognised microscopically by its curved, crescent-shaped spores, C. lunata is often found in grasses, cereals, and in poorly ventilated, damp indoor areas. Rarely, it can cause sinus infections or skin lesions, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems. Proper ventilation, along with immediate attention to water intrusions or leaks, typically prevents significant indoor colonisation.
63. Epicoccum nigrum
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Distinguished by its vivid orange to brownish-black colonies, E. nigrum grows on decaying plant matter outdoors and can invade damp indoor walls or flooring. Its spores are readily aerosolised, sometimes causing allergic reactions or respiratory irritation. Effective moisture control and regular cleaning of affected surfaces help minimise its establishment.
62. Botrytis cinerea
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Often dubbed “grey mould,” B. cinerea is notorious for infecting fruits (e.g. grapes, strawberries) and ornamental plants. Indoors, it flourishes on neglected or rotting produce kept in humid conditions. Though generally a mild allergen, its prolific sporulation can degrade air quality. Ensuring fresh produce is used promptly, disposing of spoiled items, and keeping humidity moderate...
61. Ulocladium chartarum
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Similar in many ways to U. botrytis, U. chartarum forms dark, robust colonies that proliferate rapidly on damp or waterlogged gypsum board, wallpaper, and wood. Its spores can aggravate respiratory issues, and its presence often reveals deeper moisture problems in a building. Fully rectifying the underlying cause—such as a pipe leak or roof defect—is crucial,...
60. Ulocladium botrytis
Last Updated: 3 February 2025A darkly pigmented mould commonly appearing on plasterboard, paint, or other surfaces suffering from water damage. It frequently coexists with Stachybotrys and can exacerbate allergies and asthma. Quick identification of leaks and thorough drying of affected materials can help prevent large-scale infestation. If growth is extensive, professional remediation may be necessary to address both Ulocladium...
59. Chaetomium murorum
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Also thriving on cellulose-rich substrates like wallpaper and drywall, C. murorum demands consistently high moisture levels to grow. Infestations often remain hidden behind walls or under wallpaper until discovered by musty odours or visible staining. Its presence strongly indicates chronic leaks or severe humidity issues that must be resolved to halt further spread.
58. Chaetomium elatum
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Similar to C. globosum in habitat and appearance, C. elatum produces dark perithecia that can be observed with a microscope. Found on wet paper, wood, or insulation, it can also disperse spores into indoor air, potentially triggering breathing difficulties in sensitive individuals. Thorough drying and repairs of compromised structures prevent further colonisation.
57. Chaetomium globosum
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Recognisable by its woolly or cottony colonies that start greyish-white to olive and darken with age. C. globosum degrades cellulose-based materials (e.g. paper, drywall) in conditions of sustained moisture. When disturbed, it can release spores that degrade indoor air quality. Identifying hidden leaks, improving ventilation, and removing contaminated materials (if extensive) are essential steps for...
56. Stachybotrys echinata
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Morphologically similar to S. chartarum, S. echinata also favours water-damaged environments, forming dark colonies with spiky or “echinate” spores. Like its close relative, it may produce mycotoxins and should be treated as a serious concern when discovered. Eliminating water sources, removing heavily contaminated materials, and thoroughly drying affected areas are vital to preventing re-growth.
55. Stachybotrys chartarum
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Commonly called “black mould,” S. chartarum produces dark, slimy, and often greenish-black colonies on cellulose-rich materials such as plasterboard, wallpaper, or wood that remains wet for prolonged periods. Some strains can produce potent mycotoxins, sparking concerns about respiratory and general health effects, especially with chronic exposure. It is most frequently encountered following flooding or in...
54. Aureobasidium melanogenum
Last Updated: 3 February 2025A close relative of A. pullulans, A. melanogenum also forms darkly pigmented colonies, often on damp wood, paper products, or other cellulose materials. It may exacerbate respiratory issues, particularly in individuals with pre-existing allergies or asthma. Good ventilation, periodic cleaning of damp-prone areas, and swift remediation of water leaks can significantly reduce the likelihood of...
53. Aureobasidium pullulans
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Known for its initial pinkish hue that darkens over time, A. pullulans commonly thrives in moist household areas such as bathroom grout, window frames, and sealants. It can create unsightly blackish stains and may release spores provoking allergic reactions in sensitive people. Reducing indoor humidity, promptly wiping down wet surfaces, and using mould-resistant sealants help...
52. Rhizopus microsporus
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Produces sporangia in clusters, giving rise to dark spots on nutrient-rich substrates like damp bread, vegetables, or other organic debris. It has been implicated in severe cases of mucormycosis, though typically in hospital settings or among highly susceptible individuals. In domestic spaces, regular cleaning and avoidance of prolonged dampness limit its colonisation. Proper storage of...
51. Rhizopus oryzae
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Utilised in some Asian fermented foods such as tempeh, R. oryzae can become a contaminant in domestic settings if decaying produce or other organic matter is left in warm, humid conditions. Pathogenic potential arises mainly in severely immunocompromised individuals, where infection can be serious. Ensuring leftover food is properly sealed or discarded and reducing household...
50. Rhizopus stolonifer
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Commonly referred to as “bread mould,” R. stolonifer rapidly proliferates on starchy foods, forming greyish-black sporangia on cottony white mycelium. It can also colonise damp indoor surfaces given a suitable organic nutrient source. Though rarely causing serious problems in healthy individuals, it can contribute to mucormycosis in certain immunocompromised cases. Minimising food spoilage and promptly...
49. Mucor hiemalis
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Prefers cooler temperatures, thus often encountered in refrigerated or cold storage areas with high humidity. Colonies are fluffy and may quickly sporulate, producing a whitish to greyish “cotton ball” effect. While it poses minimal risk to most people, immunocompromised individuals could be vulnerable to infection. Maintaining good hygiene in cold storage and regularly checking for...
48. Mucor circinelloides
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Similar to M. racemosus, M. circinelloides forms cottony, white-grey colonies with sporangia that may darken with maturity. Common in soil and compost heaps, it can enter buildings through contaminated air or organic matter. While it rarely infects healthy hosts, it can cause mucormycosis in those with weakened immune systems. Ensuring organic debris is disposed of...
47. Mucor racemosus
Last Updated: 3 February 2025A fast-growing member of the Mucorales (sometimes called “pin moulds”), M. racemosus produces greyish-white, cottony growth, often sprouting delicate sporangia. It flourishes on decaying organic matter, damp fabrics, and in HVAC filters if these remain moist. In immunocompromised individuals, inhalation can lead to mucormycosis, a severe infection. Routine cleaning of heating and cooling systems and...
46. Trichoderma asperellum
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Similar in ecology to other Trichoderma species, T. asperellum is also harnessed for its plant-protective properties in agriculture. Indoors, its presence often points to consistent moisture problems (e.g., hidden leaks or condensation). Colonies can degrade building materials over time, particularly wood or paper-based substances. Identifying and rectifying water sources and promptly removing contaminated materials will...
45. Trichoderma koningiopsis
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Another agricultural biocontrol fungus, T. koningiopsis favours humid environments. Indoors, it typically surfaces as greenish or greenish-white patches on plaster or wood. Disturbing the colonies can release spores that may trigger allergic responses. Addressing excess moisture—whether from leaks or inadequate ventilation—is key to limiting its growth. Regularly checking and cleaning damp-prone areas will further reduce...
44. Trichoderma longibrachiatum
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Known for its strong enzyme secretion capabilities, this species is found in compost, soil, and can invade water-damaged buildings. While rarely harmful to healthy individuals, people with existing allergies or compromised immunity could experience irritation. Colonies appear as green patches, often with a white edge. Maintaining building materials in a dry state and ensuring good...
43. Trichoderma reesei
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Industrially significant for enzyme (cellulase) production, T. reesei grows on cellulose-based materials in humid or water-damaged conditions. Colonies are typically greenish and may spread quickly if moisture persists. Although seldom pathogenic to healthy individuals, immunocompromised persons might experience allergic or irritant reactions. Controlling interior humidity and ensuring rapid drying of spills or leaks can minimise...
42. Trichoderma viride
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Named for its bright green spores, T. viride naturally decomposes wood in forest environments, but indoors it can colonise wet or rotting wood structures. Over time, it may weaken timber due to its enzymatic activity. While it poses minimal direct health hazards, its spore cloud could irritate individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions. Routine checks for...
41. Trichoderma harzianum
Last Updated: 3 February 2025A greenish mould widely utilised in agriculture as a biocontrol agent against other fungal pathogens. In homes, it appears on damp surfaces, including wet wood, wallpaper, or carpets, where it can form circular patches of dense growth. Although T. harzianum is generally low-risk, high spore concentrations can provoke allergies. Keeping indoor environments dry and promptly...
40. Fusarium chlamydosporum
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Recognised by thick-walled chlamydospores, F. chlamydosporum is found in soil and on plant debris. Indoors, it can develop on wet plaster or wood, especially in dark, poorly ventilated spaces. Certain strains have been linked to opportunistic infections in immunocompromised individuals. Improving air circulation, regulating humidity, and regular inspection of hidden areas (e.g. behind walls) help...
39. Fusarium moniliforme (syn. Fusarium fujikuroi group)
Last Updated: 3 February 2025This fungus is part of a complex group known to produce carcinogenic mycotoxins. It affects various crops, including maize, and may enter indoor environments through contaminated material or water-damaged structures. Chronic exposure to high spore levels or toxins may pose health risks. Promptly discarding infested grain and repairing any leaks or flood damage in a...
38. Fusarium culmorum
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Commonly infecting cereals like wheat and barley, F. culmorum thrives in damp, mouldy storage areas for grain. In the home, it is less common unless large amounts of improperly stored cereals or animal feed are present. Spores can be carried by air currents and lead to irritation in those with allergies. Proper grain management, including...
37. Fusarium verticillioides
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Formerly called Fusarium moniliforme, this species contaminates maize and can produce fumonisins—mycotoxins hazardous to both livestock and humans. Indoors, it may grow around stored feed or grain or on water-damaged surfaces containing cellulose. High spore counts can be risky if inhaled, underscoring the importance of sealing and storing grains in cool, dry conditions. Regular inspection...
36. Fusarium solani
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Known for root rots in agricultural crops, F. solani also targets indoor areas with ongoing wet conditions, such as water-damaged wood or fibrous insulation. Some strains can infect humans (particularly immunocompromised individuals), causing skin or eye infections. Rapid drying of water-damaged sites and removing contaminated materials can prevent a large-scale infestation.
35. Fusarium oxysporum
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Notorious in agriculture for causing vascular wilts in numerous plants, F. oxysporum can also grow on damp building materials, including wallpaper or plasterboard with cellulose content. Certain strains produce mycotoxins that may affect humans or animals if inhaled over extended periods. Maintaining a dry, mould-resistant environment and swiftly addressing any water intrusion help keep Fusarium...
34. Alternaria solani
Last Updated: 3 February 2025A well-known plant pathogen causing early blight in tomatoes and potatoes. Indoors, it is typically found only if rotting vegetables are left in warm, humid conditions. While human infection is uncommon, the mould can still release airborne spores that contribute to poor indoor air quality. Proper storage and timely disposal of produce are key to...
33. Alternaria infectoria
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Generally lighter in appearance compared to other Alternaria species, A. infectoria commonly targets cereal grains and flour storage. In domestic environments, any area with prolonged dampness near stored grains (e.g. pantries) may support its growth. Inhalation of spores can lead to respiratory irritation, especially in those who are sensitive. Keeping dry storage conditions and discarding...
32. Alternaria tenuissima
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Closely resembling A. alternata, A. tenuissima also produces dark, fuzzy colonies, especially under chronic moisture conditions. It is often seen in kitchens, bathrooms, or areas with leaking pipes. Large spore loads can readily become airborne, aggravating allergic responses or asthma. Identifying and repairing the underlying moisture source is the most effective way to halt its...
31. Alternaria alternata
Last Updated: 3 February 2025A prevalent allergen, A. alternata forms grey to dark-brown or black colonies and can often appear “fuzzy” or velvety. It thrives on plant materials, wood, and damp indoor surfaces like shower curtains or window frames. This species is well known for provoking hay fever, asthma, and other respiratory complaints. Keeping bathrooms, kitchens, and basements dry...
30. Cladosporium macrocarpum
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Commonly associated with decaying plant material outdoors, C. macrocarpum may occasionally colonise indoor surfaces if sufficient organic matter and moisture are present (e.g. damp wood or accumulated debris). Colonies are dark, and spore counts can build up, affecting people with allergies. Minimising organic detritus (like leaf litter in gutters) and ensuring no leaks or water...
29. Cladosporium tenuissimum
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Visually similar to its close relatives, C. tenuissimum forms dense, dark, powdery mould on damp indoor surfaces. In coastal Australian regions with higher ambient humidity, it can proliferate quickly in poorly ventilated homes. While not typically a primary pathogen, its spores can aggravate respiratory or skin allergies. Maintaining consistent airflow and keeping surfaces dry are...
28. Cladosporium sphaerospermum
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Differing slightly from other Cladosporium species, C. sphaerospermum tolerates cooler, low-light environments, making it a candidate for growth in refrigerators, basements, or poorly lit bathrooms. Colonies appear dark and can be powdery. Inhalation of spores can lead to symptoms akin to allergic rhinitis or worsening asthma. Regularly cleaning high-humidity areas and ensuring adequate lighting can...
27. Cladosporium herbarum
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Widespread in outdoor environments, particularly on decomposing plant matter, C. herbarum can infiltrate indoor spaces through air currents. It tends to form dark-coloured patches in areas with elevated moisture, such as bathrooms or around window frames. Its airborne spores are a common trigger for respiratory allergies (hay fever, asthma). Regular ventilation, dehumidification, and surface cleaning...
26. Cladosporium cladosporioides
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Among the most common outdoor moulds, C. cladosporioides easily enters buildings via open windows or doors, subsequently growing on walls, fabrics, and even HVAC systems if moisture is available. Colonies often appear as dark-green to black patches with a velvety texture. Its spores can cause allergic reactions, particularly in individuals with asthma. Prompt cleaning of...
25. Penicillium cyclopium
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Identified by its green to greyish colonies, P. cyclopium thrives in moderate humidity and is often associated with cereals, nuts, and various stored foods. As a spoilage mould, it can produce off-flavours and allergenic spores. Good pantry management and regular rotation of stored items reduce the likelihood of encountering this fungus in significant amounts.
24. Penicillium islandicum
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Known for producing multiple toxins (including islanditoxin), P. islandicum can be hazardous if it proliferates in stored grains or damp building substrates. Darker in colour when well-established, it may cause a musty odour and pose a risk of mycotoxin exposure. Routine inspection of stored goods and maintaining low humidity levels can help avert serious infestations.
23. Penicillium aurantiogriseum
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Named for its orange-grey colony colouration, this species is frequently isolated from soil and decaying organic matter. Indoors, it can establish on damp wood, wallpaper, or plasterboard, releasing spores that may incite allergies or respiratory discomfort. As with most Penicillium species, controlling humidity and fixing structural leaks are critical to preventing its colonisation.
22. Penicillium verrucosum
Last Updated: 3 February 2025An important contaminant in cereal crops, P. verrucosum can produce ochratoxin A, a potent mycotoxin with nephrotoxic properties. In domestic environments, it typically arises from poorly stored grains, flour, or animal feed. Although exposure is more common through ingestion of contaminated foods, inhalation of spores in damp pantries is also possible. Ensuring dry, sealed storage...
21. Penicillium brevicompactum
Last Updated: 3 February 2025This species produces colonies that range from white to green, sometimes appearing powdery. Known to synthesise mycophenolic acid, a compound with potential neurotoxic effects. In residential settings, it may be found on damp walls, wallpaper, or textiles. High spore levels may degrade indoor air quality. Remedying moisture intrusion, improving airflow, and employing proper cleaning techniques...
20. Penicillium nalgiovense
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Commonly used in the curing of meats like salami, where it imparts desirable flavours and prevents spoilage by outcompeting other microbes. As a household contaminant, it is less frequent but can appear on improperly stored meats or in curing chambers that lack adequate sanitation. Human health risks are relatively low unless the meat is significantly...
19. Penicillium marneffei (syn. Talaromyces marneffei)
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Found predominantly in Southeast Asia but also reported in tropical parts of Australia, P. marneffei is unique for producing a distinctive red pigment on culture media. Pathogenic mainly to immunocompromised individuals, it can cause severe systemic infections (penicilliosis). In indoor settings, it is relatively rare; however, moisture and poor ventilation could foster its growth. Swift...
18. Penicillium camemberti
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Renowned for its intentional use in the production of Camembert and Brie, giving those cheeses their characteristic white rind and creamy texture. If discovered as a contaminant indoors, it usually appears on spoiled dairy products rather than building materials. This species poses limited health risks to healthy individuals but can cause allergic reactions if spore...
17. Penicillium commune
Last Updated: 3 February 2025A frequent spoiler of cheeses, particularly in humid refrigeration environments, P. commune can also target other dairy products. It forms greyish-green colonies that rapidly spread given sufficient moisture. While typically not severely pathogenic, it can produce off-flavours and degrade food quality. Regular cleaning of refrigerators and ensuring items are sealed or wrapped can help prevent...
16. Penicillium citrinum
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Exhibiting yellowish-green colonies, P. citrinum is known to produce citrinin, a toxin implicated in kidney damage (in high doses). It often appears on damp building materials, cereals, and even some cheeses. In household environments, it can contribute to musty odours and potential allergic reactions. Addressing underlying moisture issues, such as leaks, and ensuring that cereals...
15. Penicillium italicum
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Similar to P. digitatum in its affinity for citrus, P. italicum differs in the bluish hue of its colonies. It spreads rapidly under high humidity and warm temperatures, making unrefrigerated fruit a typical target. Though generally not highly pathogenic to humans, heavy spore loads can affect indoor air quality. Storing citrus in cooler, drier conditions...
14. Penicillium digitatum
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Primarily infecting citrus fruits, P. digitatum forms greenish colonies on the rind, often emitting a strong, musty odour. Indoors, discarded fruit in rubbish bins or fruit bowls can quickly become a growth substrate. While not usually dangerous to healthy individuals, it diminishes food quality and can release spores that irritate the respiratory system. Regular disposal...
13. Penicillium expansum
Last Updated: 3 February 2025A major culprit behind post-harvest fruit decay, especially in apples and pears, P. expansum produces soft, water-soaked spots covered by blue-green spore masses. It may generate patulin, a mycotoxin that poses health risks if ingested. Indoors, stored or forgotten produce in warm, humid conditions becomes a prime target for infestation. Proper refrigeration, prompt disposal of...
12. Penicillium roqueforti
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Utilised in commercial cheese-making (e.g. Roquefort, Gorgonzola), P. roqueforti can also act as an opportunistic spoiler of various foods, including bread and refrigerated leftovers. It often produces a pungent odour when growing on spoiled food. While not usually highly pathogenic, its abundant spores may exacerbate respiratory conditions in sensitive individuals. Ensuring refrigeration units are well-maintained...
11. Penicillium chrysogenum
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Best known historically for producing the antibiotic penicillin, P. chrysogenum often appears as blue-green, velvety colonies. Despite its medical significance, indoors it is a common spoilage mould on damp walls, cellulose materials, and various foods. Inhaling its spores can cause respiratory irritation, especially in people with mould allergies. Controlling indoor humidity and swiftly addressing water...
10. Aspergillus sydowii
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Typically presents as bluish-green colonies and is found in diverse habitats, including soil, indoor dust, and even marine ecosystems where it has been linked to coral disease. Indoors, A. sydowii favours moist and humid areas (e.g., bathrooms, damp walls). When present in large quantities, it can contribute to compromised indoor air quality and provoke hypersensitivity...
9. Aspergillus clavatus
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Named for its large, club-shaped conidia, A. clavatus is generally found in soil, compost, and on decaying organic material. It can appear in damp indoor sites if there is ample nutrient availability. Some strains can produce tremorgenic toxins, posing risks to livestock when present in feed. Human health effects are less common but may include...
8. Aspergillus candidus
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Characterised by white, cotton-like colonies, A. candidus often targets stored foods, cereals, and even spices, leading to product spoilage. Indoors, it can persist in overlooked corners of pantries or grain storage areas where moisture is slightly elevated. The powdery white spores can become airborne with minimal disturbance, causing mild to moderate respiratory irritation in susceptible...
7. Aspergillus restrictus
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Unusual among Aspergillus species for its ability to grow under relatively low moisture conditions, A. restrictus can sometimes be found in what appear to be “dry” areas, like dusty corners, textiles, and stored grain. Its spores, though less obvious in indoor environments, can accumulate over time. Individuals with sensitivity to moulds may experience respiratory symptoms...
6. Aspergillus versicolor
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Aptly named for its “versicoloured” colonies, which can range from pinkish to yellow, green, or even brown. A. versicolor is frequently isolated in damp indoor environments, such as water-damaged walls or ceiling tiles. It has been associated with the production of sterigmatocystin, a mycotoxin structurally related to aflatoxins, posing potential health risks. Prolonged exposure to...
5. Aspergillus oryzae
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Best known for its long history in Asian fermentation processes (such as sake, miso, and soy sauce production), Aspergillus oryzae is sometimes encountered as a casual indoor contaminant. Colonies may appear greenish-yellow or pale on laboratory media. While generally regarded as safe for food processes, it can still cause spoilage or mild allergic responses indoors...
4. Aspergillus terreus
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Aspergillus terreus typically produces cinnamon to buff-brown colonies and is frequently detected in soil and indoor dust. It has a particular preference for warm, humid climates, thus appearing more commonly in northern parts of Australia. In hospital settings, it can cause invasive aspergillosis and has been associated with high morbidity in vulnerable patients. Prompt identification...
3. Aspergillus fumigatus
Last Updated: 3 February 2025This species is a predominant airborne fungus found globally, thriving on decomposing vegetation such as compost heaps. In Australian homes, A. fumigatus may colonise poorly maintained air-conditioning systems and other damp niches. Although it is often harmless in small quantities, it poses a significant risk to immunocompromised individuals, potentially causing aspergillosis, a serious pulmonary infection....
2. Aspergillus flavus
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Recognisable by its yellow-green conidial heads, Aspergillus flavus is frequently implicated in crop contamination, particularly nuts and cereals, due to its production of aflatoxins—some of the most potent natural carcinogens. Indoors, it colonises moist surfaces, including walls and insulation, if conditions are right. Although infections are uncommon in healthy people, heavy spore loads can irritate...
1. Aspergillus niger
Last Updated: 3 February 2025Aspergillus niger forms dry, powdery, jet-black colonies due to its dark spores. It is widespread in soil and on decaying plant debris, making its way into homes via airborne spores. In indoor settings, it commonly colonises damp bathrooms, leaking walls, or basements. While often considered a minor allergen, it can provoke respiratory issues in sensitive...